**Books 
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      Numbers 
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          Newsletter 
            # 61  
            July 28, 2004
            
          
            
            There are never enough satisfying 
            comic novels, but the University Press of Mississippi is doing its part 
            to keep us laughing with LAUREN'S LINE by Sondra Spatt Olsen. Physically, 
            it is a compact, attractive book. The beginning is a little demanding because 
            of the sheer number of characters who pop up, but it quickly becomes clear 
            that we are getting a scan of an entire English department at a university 
            campus in New York City. Part of the pleasure of the book is the sound of 
            this rather motley crew in different combinations chatting and revealing 
            their prejudices and failings and ambitions. It isn't giving anything away 
            to say that the story is about what happens after a professor dies unexpectedly, 
            leaving her tenure track line available– for someone. The machine driving 
            the rest of the novel is the part-time teachers' quest for Lauren's line. 
            A novel of academic manners and office politics, it is funny and painful, 
            and most of its characters are probably recognizable to anyone who has ever 
            spent time around a college. The nearest thing to a protagonist is a young 
            man who is a bit of a Lucky Jim (except that, unlike Kingsley Amis's hero, 
            he really loves his research), but I probably like even better the quirkier 
            characters like the aging Department Chair who locks himself in his office 
            for important work that turns out to be choosing just the right color daylily 
            for his house in the Hamptons. There is also a brilliant feminist scholar 
            who is engaged in an experimental same-sex relationship, but gets interrupted 
            by her baby's demands to nurse, and then is censured for bringing the infant 
            to campus. There a Russian immigrant poet whose English is less than sterling, 
            and an up and-coming-young adjunct who does everything right– except stay 
            out of a compromising relationship with one of his students. There is also 
            the deceased professor's lover, who goes delightfully mad in front of the 
            whole department. And I'm willing to bet you won't guess who finally gets 
            Lauren's line! Definitely great preparation for the fall semester. 
            This past winter I missed my 
            usual Victorian fix and made up for it this month with Charles Dickens' 
            822 page blockbuster OUR MUTUAL FRIEND–his last completed novel. I had recently 
            read Frederick Busch's novel (see Newsletter 
              # 59) that uses Dickens as a character, so I was in the mood for the 
            Real Thing. OUR MUTUAL FRIEND is divided between present tense chapters 
            that satirize the social circle around a wealthy family aptly called Veneering 
            and past tense chapters set among the working and middle classes. In the 
            end, of course, the two worlds are intimately entwined through both characters 
            and plot. The plot is about money, but also about parents and children. 
            It takes off from an unpleasant rich man who leaves his wealth to an exiled 
            son–but only if the son agrees to marry a particular girl whose childhood 
            temper tantrums appealed to the old man. The son, returning from abroad, 
            apparently drowns, his body fished up by one of an unsavory crew of scavengers 
            who haunt the docks of London (a scavenger who has an extraordinarily beautiful 
            and devoted daughter), and off we go, with each of those people and many 
            more given full, luscious portraits, manners of speech, and points at which 
            they participate in the various plots. And everything is knit up with Dickens' 
            overblown, richly humorous, and sometimes tortuous imagery. 
            Some of the characters in this 
            late novel are even multi-layered. For example, there is one languid ne'er 
            do well would-be-seducer who improves his character through a near-death 
            experience, and there is an impoverished young gentlewoman, who, for at 
            least half the book is quite feisty and morally self-aware. There are several 
            other relatively complex female characters including a crippled teen age 
            seamstress who calls her drunken father her "bad child,"and a young woman 
            of low class who might in an earlier Dickens book have ended up dying to 
            avoid a fate worse than death, but here proves physically courageous and 
            morally stalwart. Dickens was in his fifties when he wrote this novel, the 
            father of intelligent, lively grown daughters–and engaged in an affair with 
            a young woman, so I think that perhaps he actually empathizes with women 
            of spirit more than he did at the beginning of his career. Unfortunately, 
            the liveliest young woman in this novel, the adult version of the little 
            girl with the bad temper, ends up going goo-goo over her baby and tediously 
            standing by her man. 
            There are always the villains–a 
            wonderfully sly and evil scavenger known as Rogue Riderhood and a slimy 
            young money-lender who pretends that the poor Jew who works for him is the 
            one who is actually ruining people. If you're in the mood for the full Dickens 
            experience– and this one regaled readers for eighteen months in its original 
            serial form– try OUR MUTUAL FRIEND: thick, hilarious, exasperating, not 
            subtle (but then, neither is a sunset), and always always entertaining. 
                                                                                                                  – Meredith Sue Willis 
             
            
             
            
          
   
           
            ONLINE COURSE STARTING IN 
            SEPTEMBER 
            I'm offering a four session 
            online writing course that begins September 7. For more information, see http://meredithsuewillis.com/MSWclasses.html.
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
           
            MORE SUMMER READING 
            Roberta 
            Mundie is reading Proust: "The new translation is unorthodox, since 
            the various volumes (seven) have different translators. There has been great 
            praise for Lydia Davis's translation of the first volume, SWANN'S WAY, and 
            more moderate praise for the translation (by James Grieve) of the second 
            volume." Roberta says she is about two-thirds of the way through the second 
            volume and has few complaints. She continues: "Proust looms as a literary 
            giant of the 20th Century, but he's spoken of more than read, and I too 
            have avoided him till now, supposing he was too ‘difficult' in the sense 
            of intricate, dense, complicated, and slow. My pleasure has been to find 
            how compelling a story teller he is, how beautiful the writing, how interestingly 
            the parts fit together (e.g., descriptions mesh with narrative, and both 
            mesh with reflections by the narrator). Proust was a great observer of human 
            ways without being clinical, detached, or judgmental. I wish I hadn't waited 
            so long....It was a review by Peter Brooks in the NEW YORK TIMES (Jan. 25, 
            2004) that turned me on to this translation. The seven novels... will probably 
            take me a year. I do other reading in parallel in part because Proust's 
            work needs time to reflect on, and in part because who can resist other 
            current titles? (e.g., THE JANE AUSTEN BOOK CLUB). That's another book I've 
            recently enjoyed."
           
            Roberta is also reading Nadine 
            Gordimer's short stories in CRIMES OF CONSCIENCE: "As always, her writing 
            is spare and provocative. Finally, I remain enchanted by Iain Pears's DREAM 
            OF SCIPIO. Of all the historical novels I've ever read, this is the one 
            I would be most proud to have written."
           
            More summer reading ideas: Arthur 
            Dobrin's SEEING THROUGH AFRICA is "a memoir built around themes that take 
            us from New York to East Africa and back again." Mr. Dobrin, who spent many 
            years in Kenya, is Professor of Humanities at Hofstra University and Leader 
            Emeritus of the Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island. For more information, 
            see the publisher's website at http://www.cross-culturalcommunications.com.
           
             
            
          
   
           DEPARTMENT OF DAVIS GRUBB!
            Dolly 
            Withrow writes, "When I read about you reading once again Davis Grubb's 
            NIGHT OF THE HUNTER [Books For Readers Newsletter #60], I had to send this 
            note. About three months ago, I came across an old sketch that Davis Grubb 
            drew for me many years ago. The fragile paper was showing signs of age because 
            it had been in first one drawer, then another. Davis had sketched little 
            John and Pearl looking up at the evil preacher. A candle is in the middle 
            with the preacher's hand visible, along with H-A-T-E spelled out on the 
            fingers of his left hand. The caption reads, ‘Where's the money, kids!' 
            Davis signed the sketch and wrote ‘Night of the Hunter.' After discovering 
            the damage to the sketch about three months ago, I took it to Ripley [West 
            Virginia] Florist for framing. The owner does a beautiful job. Davis's drawing 
            is now protected and hanging in my bedroom."
           
             
            
          
   
           GOOD NEWS FROM READERS 
            Speaking of Dolly Withrow– her new book is titled BEYOND THE APPLE ORCHARD. Read 
            more about this collection of memoir and reflection online at http://www.wonderfulwv.com/bookshelf.cfm?menu=apple . Also, for those of you who can get West Virginia Public Radio, Dolly will 
            be featured soon reading her work.
           
            Barbara 
            Crooker's new chapbook IMPRESSIONISM is the winner of Grayson Books 
            2004 Poetry Chapbook Competition. "Reading these poems," says Sue Ellen 
            Thompson author of THE LEAVING: NEW AND SELECTED POEMS, "one does indeed 
            step out of one's life and into a world of light, color, even odor and taste– 
            and all so vividly portrayed n language that manages to cover both solace 
            and delight." 
           
             
            
          
   
           THE READING DIVAS HAVE A NEW 
            ISSUE...
            ...at http://www.readingdivas.com/. 
            This is their July/August 2004 with poetry by Seven young writers from Robert 
            Louis Stevenson High School; Charlene Howard; Jerrifaye Gregoire; and John 
            Bryan. They also have NOT FICTION by Dina Dusko, Marissa Priddis, and Lauran 
            Strait, plus FICTION by Dana Schwartz, Ashley Lyons, and Julie Sedlis. Take 
            a look. And, more interesting news from the Divas....
           
             
            
          
   
           SOMETHING SPECIAL IN BROOKLYN 
            Reading Diva Krista is opening 
            an art-oriented lounge featuring local wine/beer/talent on Grand Street 
            in Brooklyn. She had a benefit party on July 23 (details at http://www.stainbar.com.)
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            SPECIAL FOR POETS 
            Ellen 
            Bass recommends a poet friend who does manuscript evaluation for 
            poets, Marta Ferguson of Wordhound Writing & Editing Services, LLC. Marta 
            says, "I am a publishing poet (recent work–as Marta Boswell–in 5 AM, RATTLE, 
            PRAIRIE SCHOONER and other magazines) and I hold a Ph.D. in creative writing, 
            specializing in poetry. I have eight years of experience working at literary 
            magazines, most recently as the poetry editor of THE MISSOURI REVIEW. The 
            services I offer my poet-clients include manuscript organization and evaluation, 
            developmental editing, and literary marketing advice. Since poets almost 
            never have agents, I've found I can be helpful pointing people in the direction 
            of magazines and anthologies that might be good markets for their work. 
            I would be happy to talk with any of you about those services and if you 
            contact me by the end of the month, I'll give you my starving student discount." 
            Marta Ferguson, Wordhound Writing & Editing Services, LLC, PO Box 10289, 
            Columbia, MO, 65205-4005, http://www.wordhound.com 
            Marta and Ellen also recommend 
            Allison Joseph's CWROPPS (Creative Writing Opportunities) list at http://lists.topica.com/lists/crwropps.
           
             
            
          
   
           MORE WEBSITES TO EXPLORE 
            PoemHunter.com is an interesting 
            website both for current literary news and for finding online samples of 
            poems by favorite writers. My caveat is some awful intrustive animation 
            accompanying the poems. You can scoll it away, thank the Muses! They have 
            a Top 500 poems list, of which the top 5 include 2 by Shel Silverstein and 
            3 by Pablo Neruda. It's at http://www.poemhunter.com/
           
             
           The Summer 2004 online issue 
            of EPIPHANY can be found at http://www.epiphanyzine.com. 
           
             
           The Summer 2004 issue of the 
            HAMILTON STONE REVIEW is at http://www.hamiltonstone.org/hsr.html. 
            This one is all poetry, edited by Halvard Johnson, with poems by Hugh Seidman, 
            Alvin Greenberg, Jordan Davis, Harriet Zinnes, Edward Field, Gene Frumkin, 
            Zan Ross, Barry Alpert. and Mary Rising Higgins.
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
            CONTINUING SHAMELESS SELF-PROMOTION!
            My new collection of short stories 
            set around lakes, DWIGHT'S HOUSE AND OTHER STORIES, is now available. The 
            MIDWEST REVIEW said: "Focusing on believable characters put in paralyzing 
            dilemmas, these tales examine the troubling paradoxes of the human condition 
            with sympathy and synchronicity.... Highly recommended." For more information, 
            see Dwight's House. 
             
         
       
      
        
            
            
            
            
             
            
          Newsletter 
            # 62  
            September 1, 2004
            
          
          
           
                 
           My son, beginning his sophomore 
            year of college, did a lot of reading this summer on the train to an internship 
            in New York City. I had an idea that I would read or re-read what he was 
            reading (DUBLINERS, CRIME AND PUNISHMENT, fantasy novels, mysteries), but 
            I only got to Graham Greene's THE HONORARY CONSUL. I haven't read much Graham 
            Greene, but I enjoyed this a great deal. I guess I'm a sucker for the ominous 
            South America of books like this and Conrad's great NOSTROMO. The story 
            is well told, seemingly written without effort, and I wonder if, in the 
            end, this is what separates what we call popular fiction from literary– 
            that popular goes down easy. 
           One technical accomplishment 
            that I especially admired was the switch of point of view. It wasn't arbitrary, 
            nor did it follow some pattern extraneous to the plot. There are two close 
            point-of-views, and the switch happens deep into the novel. It goes from 
            Dr. Plarr, cool, youngish, an observer of the world, to the kidnapped character, 
            sloppy drunk Charley Fortnum. This works well for plot and balance, but 
            also for the slow but steady increase in intensity and compassion that the 
            reader feels. It's a very satisfying novel with plenty of believable suspense.
            My distraction from the plan 
            of following my son's reading happened when I was caught up (once again) 
            in Joseph Frank's multi-volume biography of Dostoevsky, which I started 
            six or seven years ago. Based on comments in the biography, I decided to 
            read THE IDIOT for the first time in thirty years. Some book! I had a Modern 
            Library edition, with what they called "a new rendition" of Constance Garnett's 
            Victorian version by Anna Brailovsky, and it was generally fine, especially 
            brief footnotes that explained important things such as why a character 
            switches to the familiar form of the second person pronoun at a certain 
            moment. But every so often the translator seems to go crazy over cute Americanisms. 
            Thus, in order to capture the tone of some Russian expression in a passage 
            of otherwise standard speech, a character will suddenly say that he is "afeared," 
            or a young girl will be fondly called a "kook"! I would have much rather 
            have had transliterations of the Russian with notes.
            However translated, however, 
            THE IDIOT is a magnificent novel. I don't think it's the first Dostoevsky 
            to read– CRIME AND PUNISHMENT, UNDERGROUND MAN or even THE GAMBLER would 
            be much better places to start– but this one is Dostoevsky in all his baggy 
            splendor. When I first read it a million years ago, I was fascinated and 
            horrified and aware that I was largely failing to get it– but still couldn't 
            stop reading. Joseph Frank says in his long introduction that this is the 
            book where Dostoevsky puts his own ideology to the test. That is, he creates 
            a character who embodies Russian Christian compassion and suffering, and 
            takes it to the extreme– demonstrating with unflinching honesty how badly 
            such a life would come out in the real world.
            What I love best is the flood 
            of voices coming at me out of the novel in long speeches and set pieces. 
            There is also a beautiful sadness about how these active, dramatic, declaiming 
            people repeatedly fail each other--even the extremely good and loving Prince 
            Mishkin. One of the reasons this is a relatively difficult book is that 
            much depends on a background of highly refined social strata and customs. 
            Even the exact position of the disgraced Nastasya Filippovna isn't totally 
            clear to me. Why, for example, does no one ever consider prosecuting or 
            at least ostracizing the guy who raped her as a girl when she was his ward? 
            I wonder how many have written Master's theses comparing this situation 
            to the one in Nabokov's LOLITA? At any rate, this is a world in which poverty 
            is less prominent than in some of Dostoevsky's novels, and manners and behaving 
            "comme il faut" matter a great deal. The problem for a twenty-first century 
            reader is never quite understanding those nineteenth century Russian bourgeois 
            manners.
            Central, in the end, are the 
            deeply human conditions of extreme emotion, madness, obsession, and physical 
            illness. Ippolit, the youth dying of consumption, is a wonderful creation 
            in his fury over his coming dissolution. There are a couple of drunken buffoons 
            who also have their poignant moments, and the young girl Aglaia is romantic, 
            irritating, and occasionally charming. This is not a naturalistic world, 
            but one that is patently real. It has some of the best scenes in literature: 
            the humiliation of Prince Mishkin at the Epanchin's party with his various 
            excruciating faux pas; Nastasya Filippovna's birthday party when she offers 
            herself to the highest bidder; and of course the final scene of the prince 
            and the murderer. How does Dostoevsky do it? The book is funny, tragic, 
            occasionally tedious, and totally gripping.
                                                                                                               – Meredith Sue Willis
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
            FROM: BELINDA ANDERSON 
           
            Belinda Anderson writes: "So 
            much has happened in the world since Azar Nafisi wrote READING LOLITA IN 
            TEHRAN: A MEMOIR IN BOOKS, but recently I was struck anew by the aptness 
            of this quote near the end of the book: ‘I have a recurring fantasy that 
            one more article has been added to the Bill of Rights: the right to free 
            access to imagination. I have come to believe that genuine democracy cannot 
            exist without the freedom to imagine . . . To have a whole life, one must 
            have the possibility of publicly shaping and expressing private worlds, 
            dreams, thoughts and desires, of constantly having access to a dialogue 
            between the public and private worlds. How else do we know that we have 
            existed, felt, desired, hated, feared? We speak of facts, yet facts exist 
            only partially to us if they are not repeated and re-created through emotions, 
            thoughts and feelings.'"
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            SUGGESTIONS FOR MORE READING 
            FROM SHELLEY ETTINGER 
           
            Shelley writes: "I finally read 
            some good books. FOUR SPIRITS by Sena Jeter Naslund--I liked it better than 
            AHAB'S WIFE. It felt less contrived and I was more moved by it. It's about 
            Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 and ‘64, and the title refers to the four little 
            girls killed in the bombing of the Black church there; they aren't actually 
            characters in the book but they and their deaths are central to the story 
            and all the other characters. Also THE BOOK OF SALT by Monique Truong, a 
            novel about the Vietnamese cook for Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas in 
            the 1930s in Paris; Truong's writing is beautiful, conveying the anger of 
            the colonized and loneliness of the immigrant. Change of pace: I tittered 
            my merry way through THE WELL OF LOST PLOTS, the third in Jasper Fforde's 
            series about ‘jurisfiction' agent Thursday Next's adventures inside literature. 
            This one seemed slightly less silly than the previous ones, actually had 
            a number of pretty astute observations about writing and creativity. His 
            fourth, which I think is titled SOMETHING ROTTEN, just came out, and it 
            features Hamlet leaving Bookworld and venturing into the Outland (real world) 
            with Thursday."
            She also just finished what 
            she calls a "fantastic book," YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL IN THE LAND OF THE 
            FREE by the Scottish writer James Kelman, who won a Booker for an earlier 
            novel. "The style is unusual, one long stream of consciousness first-person 
            narrative that moves back and forth in time over the course of a single 
            night during which the protagonist gets drunk, and it's in Scottish vernacular 
            to boot. The politics are, for me, a delight, hard-hitting against all that's 
            wrong with U.S. society and particularly the post-Sept. 11 repression against 
            immigrants, which directly affects the main character although he's aware 
            that since he's, as he puts it, pink-skinned, he avoids the worst of it. 
            My only complaint is that the character uses the misogynist ‘c' word constantly 
            as an all-purpose slur against anyone and everyone including himself; ordinarily 
            I'd close a book on first or, at most, second appearance of this usage but 
            for some reason I let it slide this time. That aside, the book is hilarious, 
            startling and sad, and I wish I could find someone else who would enjoy 
            it as much as I did."
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
           
           
            PHYLLIS MOORE RECOMMENDS....
           
            Courtney Davis, a nurse poet 
            you can discover at : http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:NnveuSkS-noJ:endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/poems/davis.html+%22Intensive+care%22%2Bpoetry%2Bnurses&hl=en&ie=UTF-8.  . There is a sample poem at http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/poems/blood.cd.html
            Phyllis has more poetry to recommend 
            as well: "KETTLE BOTTOM, a poetry collection by Diane Gilliam Fisher, is 
            unique and worth adding to any collection." For a sample poem and information 
            about Fisher's book, see http://www.perugiapress.com/books2004_kettle.html ."The daughter of a former ‘Bloody Mingo' County resident, Diane captured 
            stories of the coal mine war and tells them in the voices of the residents. 
            The result is heart-wrenching but there is also some humor. The poems are 
            historically accurate as well." Don't miss "Explosion at Winco #8" at the 
            URL above. 
            Phyllis also notes that Fisher 
            will be at the Women and Creativity Workshop at West Virginia University 
            in October. For more information, see http://www.as.wvu.edu/wmst/ 
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            APPALACHIAN JOURNAL 
           
            Speaking of Appalachia– if you 
            don't know APPALACHIAN JOURNAL, it's a fine entertaining and scholarly publication 
            about the Appalachian region. I have a long article about Keith Maillard's 
            Raysburg novels in the upcoming issue. Check out the website at http://www.appjournal.appstate.edu.
             
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            NATIONAL PUNCTUATION DAY!
           
            Did you miss National Punctuation 
            Day? Maggie Cadman reports that August 22 was National Punctuation Day. 
            You can still take a look at their site, learn a few things about punctuation 
            marks, and begin to prepare for next year: Go to http://www.nationalpunctuationday.com/
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            SAD LOSSES: DONALD JUSTICE, 
            LON SAVAGE, AND RON SCHREIBER 
           
            For an obituary of major American 
            poet Donald Justice, see http://www.geocities.com/Paris/LeftBank/5810/justice.html 
           
            Halvard Johnson also informs 
            us that Ron Schreiber, poet, teacher, and one of the founding fathers of 
            HANGING LOOSE died this summer. 
           
            Finally, the author of an early 
            book on the West Virginia mine wars, Lon Savage, recently died. His work 
            was the inspiration for John Sayles' movie MATEWAN as well as background 
            for parts of Denise Giardina's novels. The book, THUNDER IN THE MOUNTAINS, 
            is an excellent place to start learning about the West Virginia mine wars 
            of 1920 and 1921.
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            WEBSITES TO EXPLORE 
           
            The website of the Academy of 
            American Poets can be found at http://www.poets.org/
           
            An interesting article on sequels 
            and spin-off novels (novels that imagine the next phase of some other other 
            novel, or tell the same story from another point of view) is at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3583430.stm 
           
            Take a look at the website of 
            writer and radio commentator Dave Bouchier at http://www.davidbouchier.com/default.htm
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
            BARBARA CROOKER'S LATEST 
           
            She has a feature and four poems 
            at POETRY LIFE AND TIMES at www.poetrylifeandtimes.com/current.html and another poem at Writer's Almanac www.writersalmanac.com for the week of August 9-15, 2004.
            
          
   
           
           
           
           
           
            MORE ABOUT ME 
           
            Of my collection of short stories 
            set around lakes, DWIGHT'S HOUSE AND OTHER STORIES, the MIDWEST REVIEW said: 
            "Focusing on believable characters put in paralyzing dilemmas, these tales 
            examine the troubling paradoxes of the human condition with sympathy and 
            synchronicity.... Highly recommended." For more information, see http://meredithsuewillis.com/dwightshouse.html .
           
            I am also experimenting with 
            blogging. I have a blog with photos at http://www.meredithsuewillis.com/blog.html and also a blog at http://meredithsuewillis.blogspot.com/
            
            
            
             
          
            
           Newsletter 
            # 63 
            October 2, 2004
            
           
          
 
            FALL FICTION ISSUE OF HAMILTON 
            STONE REVIEW  
              
             
           
           
           
            
              My summer reading included 
                the selection for our community book read, Two Towns One Book. This 
                is always a book that explores racial or ethnic diversity. This year's 
                choice was THE NAMESAKE by Jhumpa Lahiri, a best seller by a graduate 
                of Barnard College (the college I graduated from, although I didn't 
                start there). I liked the book– it was aneasy read with a colorful portrait 
                of a Bengali family in the US. I especially enjoyed the first two-thirds 
                of the book. The last part–about main character's love life–didn't seen 
                as tight as the rest. I don't fully trust myself here–I am frequently 
                disappointed with the endings of books– sometimes I say we don't know 
                how to end a book anymore, and maybe I just don't like books to stop.  
               I read another popular book 
                this summer that I'd been putting off for a long while with my usual 
                reverse snobbishness ("Oh no, I'm not reading the popular best-seller, 
                I'm reading this rather long and tedious 18th century pre-cursor to 
                Jane Austen....") I picked up ANGELA'S ASHES by Frank McCourt, in Great 
                Barrington, MA, at the Yellow House used book store. I got the cheap 
                mass market movie tie-in version with the kid actor's face on the cover. 
                It was a lot of fun to read– more fun that I expected from reviews that 
                emphasized the extremes of poverty it depicted. I think some reviewers 
                seemed overly respectful of the narrator's suffering, as if poverty 
                by itself could give depth and meaning. It's not that the suffering 
                isn't real, but the heart of this book is story-telling, not sociology. 
                In the end, it is a comedy in the Aristotelian sense of having the main 
                character rise in fortune.  
               Two more in this survey 
                of my reading in the waning days of summer– the first I discovered because 
                of a pink handbag. I had Japanese house guests who brought me as a gift 
                an embroidered bag that they told me was designed by the "famous woman 
                writer Uno Chiyo." Has anyone heard of her? I hadn't. I found a British 
                edition of one of her books online, THE STORY OF A SINGLE WOMAN. Uno 
                Chiyo was, according to the back cover, "the most significant Japanese 
                woman writer of the twentieth century." Uno Chiyo turns out to be of 
                roughly the generation and tone as Jean Rhys and Marguerite Duras–one 
                of an international crew of early twentieth century women writers who 
                seized on personal freedom which they expressed largely through sexual 
                adventures. 
               THE STORY OF A SINGLE WOMAN, 
                half novel, half memoir, was published in 1971 when Uno Chiyo was well 
                into her seventies. Her subject is a young woman's dogged determination 
                to live as she pleases, in particular, not to marry. One of the interests 
                is how both the old narrator and the young woman Kasue marvel at the 
                almost random series of decisions that lead young Kasue to transgress 
                against social mores. There is a lot of oddly unerotic sex, almost always 
                sex for something other than itself– to please a man or to demonstrate 
                in Kasue's own mind that she can do what she wants. I especially liked 
                Kasue as the little girl sent on errands by her erratic father and then 
                Kasue the hard worker. She is always working– teaching, cooking, selling 
                magazine subscriptions, writing articles. And late in life, so it seems, 
                designing fashion accessories! Uno Chiyo lived another twenty five years 
                after this book– not dying till she was 98. I'm going to keep an eye 
                open for her other work. 
               Finally, I want to recommend 
                a book I read at Shelley Ettinger's suggestion, Sarah Waters' AFFINITY. 
                I think I probably liked Waters' TIPPING THE VELVET and FINGERSMITH 
                better, but all of her work is a delight: she writes with this wonderful 
                conviction that novels are important and that there will be a large 
                reading public. Is this a British mind set that Americans have largely 
                lost? Or maybe never had? In the 19th century, novel writing and novel 
                reading were somewhat suspect in this country, especially for men. Melville, 
                for example, was certainly a macho writer, but never as popular as he 
                expected to be. The best selling 19th century American novelists were 
                a whole slew of sentimental writers, largely women or men using female 
                pseudonyms, plus socially conscious writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
                England has always seemed to me to have a more stable community of readers 
                of what we now call midlist writing.  
               In any case, Sarah Waters 
                is in that great tradition of confident writers, and AFFINITY is a highly 
                entertaining, dark Gothic-style story with fearful events and wonderfully 
                researched material about spiritualists and nineteenth century women's 
                prisons. The story is told in two voices: the illusion is of two women 
                writing their stories in slightly different time frames that link up 
                by the end of the novel. It's a very efficient and suspense-building 
                device. The more self-revealing of the two voices becomes through the 
                course of the novel increasingly out-of-control, plunging after her 
                obsessions, being her own worst enemy, etc. I really loved that splendidly 
                evil prison.  
               I also reread NOTES FROM 
                UNDERGROUND, but that's not summer reading, and since Dostoyevsky's 
                biography is my continuing Big Project, I'll return to that sad neurotic 
                another time– I mean the Underground Man, of course, not Fyodor Mikhailovich.  
               Don't forget to tell me 
                what you are reading.  
                 
                                                                                                 – Meredith Sue Willis 
                 
                 
                  
              MORE READING IDEAS   
                 
               Marc 
                Harshsman's new collection of poetry is LOCAL JOURNEYS, "rich 
                beautiful poems...so close to the natural world that you can almost 
                feel the wet stones and moss...." says Maggie Anderson. I've been keeping 
                the book beside my computer for a quick fix of calm after the agitation 
                of dancing electrons. 
                 
               Juanita 
                Torrence-Thompson asks 
                  us, "What do you think of Rochelle Ratner's new book, HOUSE AND HOME? 
                  Isn't it superb?" 
                 
               I've lost my note about 
                who recommended this book, so please let me know who it was! The person 
                wrote about Elizabeth Black: "Her book is BUFFALO SPIRITS....She writes 
                lyrically about growing up in a dugout house in close contact with nature, 
                about the ecology of that part of the world and the devastation agribusiness 
                and irrigation has brought..." 
                 
               Ardian 
                Gill says he thinks he has probably "read all of Graham Greene 
                at least once, including his many letters to the editors and his autobiography. 
                (He played Russian roulette with himself as a young man). THE END OF 
                THE AFFAIR is a writer's book, and it was a fine movie with Liam Neeson. 
                I just listened to THE CONFIDENTIAL AGENT (1937, out of print) and then 
                found a used copy. Talk about point of view shifts. I haven't read it 
                in a long time but A BURNT OUT CASE, set in Africa still lingers. I 
                can visualize the opening scene of a paddle steamer on the Congo. I've 
                been trying Pushkin and don't see what the fuss is all about. I guess 
                I'll have to go to EUGENE ONEGIN to find out." 
                 
              GOOD NEWS FROM READERS  
              Ardian Gill's  book THE RIVER IS 
                MINE will be used in a writing course at Middlebury College!  
              Michelle 
                Sanders recently gave a reading at Stand Up NY at a special singles 
                reading organized by NetWorkingGirl.com/JVPassion.com. 
                 
                  
              GRAPHIC NOVELS: LITERATURE 
                OR COMIX? DISCUSS. 
              There's an article in the 
                BOSTON GLOBE on this topic at http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2004/09/19/pictures_of_exile_election_and_strife/ –I found it via the literary blog "Book 
                  Slut." 
                 
              READING DIVAS' BAR IS UP 
                AND RUNNING IN WILLIAMSBURG, 
                  NY  
                 
               I received an e-mail saying 
                "Save HALLOWEEN for STAIN's. big party. Not your average costume party 
                at all." For information, go to http://newyork.sheckys.com/bar.asp?id=2812. 
                Stain is at 766 Grand St., (Humboldt St. & Graham Ave.) In Williamsburg. 
                The phone is 718-387-7840. All their beers and wines are native New 
                Yorkers. Corona and Turning Leaf have been replaced by the likes of 
                Brooklyn Lager and Long Island's Rivendell City Cab wine, with specialty 
                drinks like the Diablo's Blood (red wine and Dr. Brown's Black Cherry 
                soda). The bar is described as having comfy red couches and candlelit 
                tables for two where you can "scrawl your thoughts in the notebooks 
                left out on the tables, or head to the spacious garden out back to contribute 
                to the ongoing mural."  
                 
              SPECIAL FOR WOMEN POETS!  
                 
               The next issue of COLUMBIA 
                POETRY REVIEW will be an to be published in May 2005. For submission 
                guidelines, write to Columbia 
                  Review.  
                 
              MORE PLACES TO SUBMIT   
                 
               The OKLAHOMA REVIEW is an 
                electronic literary magazine published through the Department of English 
                at Cameron University in Lawton, OK. They say, "The goal of our publication 
                is to provide a forum for exceptional fiction, poetry, and creative 
                non-fiction in a dynamic, appealing, and accessible environment. The 
                magazine's only agenda is to promote the pleasures and edification derived 
                from high-quality literature." Previous issues can be viewed online 
                at http://www.cameron.edu/okreview/.  
                 
                 
              APPALACHIAN JOURNAL   
               APPALACHIAN JOURNAL is an 
                entertaining and scholarly publication about the Appalachian region. 
                I have a long article about Keith Maillard's Raysburg novels in the 
                upcoming issue. Check out the website at http://www.appjournal.appstate.edu .  
                 
                 
                 
              MORE ABOUT ME  
               I am still experimenting 
                with blogging. I have a personal blog with photos at http://www.meredithsuewillis.com/blog.html and also a somewhat more public blog at http://meredithsuewillis.blogspot.com/   
                
                
                
                 
                
              Newsletter 
                # 64 
                October 31, 2004
                
              
                
                    
                    
                    
                  
                  
                   
                   
                   
                    NOW UP! FALL 2004 ISSUE 
                    OF EPIPHANY !
                  
                   And
                   
                   
                  
                    I'm in one of my times 
                    when I've been away from home a lot (visiting my parents in West 
                    Virginia, going to see my son at college, attending a conference 
                    on integrated communities near Philadelphia). I've also been extremely 
                    busy with my local integration organization–not to mention having 
                    to run around finding political lawn signs after someone stole all 
                    the ones on our street! I manage to do papers for my classes, to 
                    have my meetings, and stay in touch, though just barely, with a 
                    new novel I'm working on. It is my reading that takes the biggest 
                    hit. When I come back exhausted from a late meeting, I flip on the 
                    television while I exercise my bad shoulder and watch THE DAILY 
                    SHOW. I think sadly of all the wonderful books I'm not reading. 
                    I have another volume of the Dostoyevsky biography I want to read, 
                    and friends and people in my classes and readers of this newsletter 
                    keep recommending more and more books.
                    This month, about all 
                    I've been able to read is some short works, especially from a big 
                    fat anthology of multi-cultural stories called WORLDS OF FICTION 
                    edited by Roberta Rubenstein and Charles R. Larson. I've been dipping 
                    in, reading all the short stories from Africa, then the Middle Eastern 
                    ones. Of course, every third or fourth story is by an author I now 
                    want to read in more depth.... It occurs to me, too, at this busy 
                    time, that the novella is a very satisfactory length. The WORLDS 
                    OF FICTION anthology includes two older novellas I'd already read, 
                    Kate Chopin's THE AWAKENING and a sad but strong work by Mulk-Raj 
                    Anand called THE UNTOUCHABLE. I wonder, in fact, if the novella 
                    might not be the perfect size for fiction– enough space to explore, 
                    but short enough for the initial impulse of the writer to be carried 
                    out as a whole, and something a reader can also experience as a 
                    whole over a very few sessions of reading.
                    I found such a novella 
                    by Kay Boyle, THE CRAZY HUNTER, in one of my favorite casual book 
                    shopping places, the cut-rate bin at NYU's bookstore. The writing 
                    style is a little florid for our present day tastes, but you quickly 
                    get pulled into a sharp story about a family triangle. The crisis 
                    centers on the daughter's maturing, and the occasion is that her 
                    horse suddenly goes blind. There is lots of English squirearchy 
                    atmosphere (although Boyle herself is a native of St. Paul, Minnesota) 
                    and information about horses. The girl is one of those innately 
                    lovable young people just between girlhood and womanhood who is 
                    determined to save her horse's life. The mother is a solid character 
                    too, but the drunken, buffoonish, and perhaps heroic father is brilliantly 
                    written.
                    Does anyone know Kay 
                    Boyle's work? Is it all this good? How come I've missed it?
                    A few days after buying 
                    THE CRAZY HUNTER, I picked up a small art book for half price at 
                    my local bookstore, Goldfinch in Maplewood, New Jersey (not actually 
                    the town I live in, but my nearest independent bookstore.) The book 
                    is REMBRANDT: THE GREAT DUTCH MASTER. It's from a British publishing 
                    house, Dorling Kindersley, and doesn't seem to have a named author. 
                    Lots of pictures, of course, a goodly amount of background. The 
                    book opened me to the tremendous scope of his work, and also got 
                    me interested in his life. So– another query– Does anyone know a 
                    really good biography of Rembrandt?
                    And while I'm asking, 
                    what is your favorite novella?
                                                                                                          – Meredith Sue Willis
                     
                    
                  
 
                    MORE ON JHUMPA LAHIRI'S 
                    THE NAMESAKE
                    Evelyn 
                    Codd writes, "I also read THE NAMESAKE and wanted to really, 
                    really like it, but at the end of it I thought, ‘OK, pretty good, 
                    but I wanted more.' It didn't move me the way, let's say, ATONEMENT 
                    did. I finished the book not really caring about the characters....Right 
                    now I'm reading psychoanalytical criticism on ‘The Wife of Bath!'"
                    
                  
 
                    COMING SOON 
                    A guest-edited issue 
                    of BOOKS FOR READERS on memoirs is in the works.
                    
                  
 
                   
                    FREE E-CHAPBOOK!
                    Rochelle 
                    Ratner's new E-Chapbook is free! It is called NEWSREAL: 2003 
                    and is published by Tamafyhr Mountain Press and can be downloaded 
                    at http://www.tmpoetry.com. 
                    The blurb says, "If you think it's been a bad four years, check 
                    out these prose-poems based on news stories of 2003."
                    
                  
 
                   
                   
                    GOOD NEWS FROM READERS 
                    Barbara 
                    Crooker has two new poems up online at KALEIDOWHIRL at http://home.alltel.net/ellablue/index.html plus six poems and an interview at New Works Review at http://www.new-works.org , and Shelley Ettinger has poems in http://www.failbetter.com and one in the "political anthology" issue of The Pedestal: http://www.thepedestalmagazine.com/Secure/Content/cb.asp?cbid=4002 
                    
                  
 
                    DON'T FORGET! 
                    If you're looking for 
                    gifts for the coming holidays, don't forget the always-splendid 
                    Feminist Press with its wide range of books of many cultures, fiction, 
                    nonfiction, and anthologies. At http://www.feministpress.org. 
                    
                  
 
                    FUN WITH WORDS 
                    Halvard 
                    Johnson passes on this found poem that has been floating 
                    around in cyberspace: 
                   
                   
                    The Unknown  
                    
                    
                      As we know, 
                      There are known knowns.  
                      
                      There are things we 
                      know we know.  
                      
                      We also know  
                      
                      There are known unknowns.  
                      
                      That is to say  
                      
                      We know there are 
                      some things  
                      
                      We do not know.  
                      
                      But there are also 
                      unknown unknowns,  
                      
                      The ones we don't 
                      know  
                      
                      We don't know. 
                     
                      --Donald Rumsfeld 
                      from a 2-12-02 Department of Defense news briefing 
                      
                      
                      
                       
                                   
                    
                 
               
                 
              
             
           
            
          
            
               Newsletter 
                # 65 
                  November 13, 2004 
             
           
            
          
            
               GUEST EDITOR FOR MEMOIR 
                AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY  
              Ingrid Hughes, a 
                writer of poetry, and, currently, memoir, is an activist in her union, 
                the Professional Staff Congress at the City University of New York, 
                and a teacher there. Her book of poetry is ALL THE TREES IN THE OCEAN. 
                She offers suggestions for reading in the genres of memoir and autobiography.  
                                                                              – Meredith Sue Willis 
                
              Autobiography and memoir 
                are often used interchangeably, though a memoir can be anything from 
                an essay of a few pages to a book, and an autobiography is more likely 
                to be a book. I would say that in memoir/autobiography, more than in 
                other genres, you tend to like a work because you like the person writing 
                it, and so base your preferences on the qualities that you find appealing 
                in a person.  
               The book to start with is 
                the NORTON BOOK OF WOMEN'S LIVES,  an absolutely terrific collection of 61 memoirs by 20th century women 
                all over the world edited by Phyllis Rose. Next, HALF THE WAY HOME: 
                A MEMOIR OF FATHER AND SON by journalist Adam Hochschild is about an 
                older father and mother, German Jewish and wealthy, bringing up a son 
                who is closer to the new left, and the gap in values and attitudes between 
                the two generations. Adam Hochschild does well at describing his parents 
                without intrusive judgments.  
               BOWMAN'S STORE: A JOURNEY 
                TO MYSELF is a lovely story by Joseph Bruchac about growing up with 
                his grandparents in a small town near Saratoga Springs. His grandfather, 
                an Abenaki Indian, never acknowledged being an Indian, but nevertheless 
                transmitted to Joseph Bruchac his identity as a Native American. Bruchac's 
                view of his grandparents is mostly free of the ambivalence that contemporary 
                memoir writers often express about those who brought them up.  
               Isabelle Allende's PAULA 
                was written to her daughter as she lay for months in a coma. It is rich 
                with the places and characters of Allende's childhood in Peru, Chile 
                and Lebanon, her maturity in Chile, Venezuela and North America. It 
                took me several tries to get past the first few pages of this book, 
                but when I did, it was worth it. A PLACE TO STAND by the poet, Jimmy 
                Santiago Baca, is the story of a New Mexican Hispanic who grew up in 
                youth homes and was jailed in the New Mexico penitentiary, where he 
                learned to read and began to write. This is a painful and impressive 
                story of his escape from the life of a criminal.  
               THE NAZI OFFICER'S WIFE: 
                HOW ONE JEWISH WOMAN SURVIVED THE HOLOCAUST by Edith Hahn Beer with 
                Susan Dworkin is a story of an affluent Jewish woman who survived the 
                Holocaust in Germany, pretending to be non-Jewish and marrying a Nazi 
                officer. Lorna Sage's BAD BLOOD is an excellent book which describes 
                growing up in Wales, during and after WWII. She describes the period 
                and the environment more consciously than many American memoirists.  
               Mary Karr's memoir, THE 
                LIAR'S CLUB, is a portrait of a working class family, and unusual for 
                that reason. It is respectful and honest, leaving the reader with a 
                sense of her love and her parents' stature, despite their eccentricities 
                and some impressive negligence. COMING OF AGE IN MISSISSIPPI by Anne 
                Moody is about growing up in the Jim Crow south and participating in 
                the civil rights movement of the early 60s. Esmeralda Santiago's excellent 
                memoir of childhood in Puerto Rico (father a carpenter, mother a garment 
                worker) and adolescence in New York, WHEN I WAS PUERTO RICAN, is told 
                from her point of view as a youngster, without retrospective comments.  
               WEST OF KABUL, EAST OF NEW 
                YORK: AN AFGHAN AMERICAN STORY by Tamim Ansary, is about growing up 
                in Afghanistan, moving to the U.S. as a teenager, and as an adult journalist 
                traveling back to the Mideast. Just after 9/11 he wrote a famous e-mail 
                which reached huge numbers of people about why the U.S. should not invade 
                Afghanistan, which gave him a platform for this interesting but rather 
                sketchy book. CHANGE ME INTO ZEUS'S DAUGHTER is a story of neglect and 
                abuse. The narrator was one of many children of an alcoholic father 
                and an abused mother. This was one of my least favorites.  
               And, finally, THE COLOR 
                OF WATER by James McBride is the story of a girl who grew up in a Jewish 
                family with an abusive father, fled that family, and married an African 
                American preacher. She brought up twelve children, never telling them 
                she was Jewish, or even white. Her son tells her story and his own tale 
                of growing up in New York with love and also a disturbing shock, as 
                he discovers, in the course of talking to his mother about her life, 
                that she was brought up Jewish.  
                                                                                               – 
                Ingrid Hughes  
                
                 
               A CONTEMPORARY LOOK AT 
                LORD OF THE FLIES  
              Christine Willis writes:  
               The backdrop (political 
                or social, for example) in which the reader is reading, really impacts 
                the interpretation of a novel. As Election 2004 was nearing its end, 
                I was completing the reading of LORD OF THE FLIES. Had I read it during 
                a different political time, the novel might have taken on different 
                meaning. Striking and frightening parallels can be drawn, however, between 
                Golding's divided society and the American voting populace.  
               A group of young boys, stranded 
                on an island, need to make decisions that will impact their survival. 
                Golding's rough and unformed society develops into a two party system 
                representing the intelligent, future-looking, minority and the reactive, 
                macho, war-painted masses. We watch the characters on the island slip 
                into mindless, albeit violent activity boosted by slogans and chants: 
                "Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! all the while losing 
                sight of the necessary actions required for survival. They even have 
                their terrorist-beast in the form of a dead parachutist! That beast 
                is very effectively used by Jack, the slogan-chanting leader, to manipulate 
                the boys into action against the few outward-looking, survival-concerned 
                boys. In effect, we observe a society that forms through emotional rhetoric 
                which loses sight of pressing issues of survival. LORD OF THE FLIES 
                is a powerful novel that renders the ugliness of human nature palpable. 
                If left unchecked, evilness and the fear that underlies it, can consume 
                the masses: listen to the sow's head.  
                
                 
               THE NATIONAL BOOKS AWARDS  
               Mindy Aloff writes to say 
                that she would like to have people's responses on the controversy about 
                the five nominees for fiction in the National Book Awards ( Sarah Shun-lien 
                Bynum for MADELINE IS SLEEPING; Christine Schutt for FLORIDA; Joan Silber 
                for IDEAS OF HEAVEN: A RING OF STORIES; Lily Tuck for THE NEWS FROM 
                PARAGUAY; and Kate Walbert for OUR KIND: A NOVEL IN STORIES. She says, 
                "I'd like to know if the opprobrium that list has attracted is owing 
                to (a) the fact that the jury wanted to make a political statement, 
                and so excluded from consideration good books by established writers, 
                or, (b) the fact that the book industry is so blinkered by its concern 
                for the bottom line that, out of hand, it would dismiss a list of unknown 
                contenders because it won't help to sell books, or 3) some other reason."  
               One of the writers on the 
                list, Christine Shutt, was profiled in the October 31, 2004 NEW YORK 
                TIMES MAGAZINE. Shutt is apparently a serious and accomplished writer 
                whose books have not sold many copies. Did the judges decide to reward 
                merit alone, with no reference to sales? That ideas pleases me, but 
                Caryn James in the November 11, 2004 issue of THE NEW YORK TIMES (see 
                the article at http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/11/books/11fict.html?oref=login) 
                Complains about the artistic sensibility of the books: "When the fiction 
                nominees were announced, there was much grumbling about their sameness–all 
                women, all living in New York City, all little-known names. But the 
                minor resemblances of sex and city are nothing next to what really makes 
                this one of the least varied lists of nominees in recent years: a short-story 
                aesthetic. Not one of these books is big and sprawling. And not one 
                has much of a sense of humor."  
               In the hard copy version 
                of the newspaper, there is also a count of how many copies of these 
                books have sold, and it is pretty sobering– all under 3,000 copies, 
                and only one even near that figure. Of course, my secret response is: 
                If they found THOSE books, how come MY books are languishing undiscovered?  
                
                 
               MORE TO READ  
              Deborah Reed writes: "When 
                I enjoy a book as much as Patty Friedmann's SECONDHAND SMOKE, I want 
                to share it with reading friends. Set in New Orleans, this novel will 
                keep you laughing and praying for its troubled family of characters 
                from an opening line I'd give a toe to have written."  
              One more novel, originally 
                recommended in this newsletter, is THE BOOK OF SALT by Monique Truong. 
                It has a lovely style, but is also an exploration of the effects of 
                colonialism. I especially like the scenes at the French Governor General's 
                house in Saigon, but the Alice B. Toklas/Gertrudestein parts are a lot 
                of fun. The premise is that the narrator is a Vietnamese cook known 
                as Binh, who works for the Steins in Paris. One attractive element is 
                Binh's identification with Miss Toklas's tiny daily actions to make 
                things go smoothly for G.S. The sex is delicate and moving. There's 
                an interview with Monique Truong at http://www.readersread.com/features/moniquetruong.htm 
                that explains a few things–which parts were invented, which were from 
                research. The cameo appearance by someone who may be Ho Chi Minh is 
                nice–and might give a hint of an alternate possible future for Binh, 
                who seems blocked and lost through most of the novel. What if, after 
                leaving the Steins, he might go home to Vietnam and became a revolutionary? 
                Clearly this reader's interpretation, but it's a book that welcomes 
                the imagination.  
                
                 
               MORE TO READ–ONLINE  
              Don't miss some excellent 
                prose, poetry, and photography in the Fall 2004 issue of EPIPHANY . 
                 
               An All-Fiction issue of 
                the HAMILTON STONE 
                  REVIEW is also available.  
                 
               For a funny short story 
                with a really strong first person voice, try Randa Jarrar's "You Are 
                A Fourteen Year Old Arab Chick Who Just Moved to Texas" online at http://eyeshot.net/jarrar.html. 
                
                 
               NEW LITERARY MAP FOR 
                THE GREAT STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA  
              Order a four color map of 
                West Virginia with literary sites and the names of many of West Virginia's 
                writers and literary figures! You can get it from West Virginia Folklife 
                Center, Fairmont State University, 1201 Locust Avenue, Fairmont, West 
                Virginia 26554. For how to order, call 304-367-4403, e-mail wvfolklife@fairmontstate.edu or go to their website at http://www.fairmontstate.edu/wvfolklife.  
                 
               READING DIVAS HAVE A 
                NEW ISSUE  
              New poetry by Michele Burke, 
                new fiction by Dana, new reviews by Krista of MISS MEDIA by Lynn Harris 
                and Stephen Policoff's BEAUTIFUL SOMEWHERE ELSE at http://www.readingdivas.com/.  
             
           
            
            
          
       
       
       
      
             
        
         
       
         
         
       
      
  
        ABOUT AMAZON.COM
	      	        The largest unionized bookstore in America has a webstore at Powells Books. Some people prefer shopping online there to shopping at Amazon.com. An alternative way to reach Powell's site and support the union is via http://www.powellsunion.com.   Prices are the same but 10% of your purchase will go to support the union benefit fund. For a discussion about Amazon and organized labor and small presses, see the comments of Jonathan Greene and others in  Issues #97 and #98 . 
	      
	        
	      WHERE TO FIND BOOKS MENTIONED IN THIS NEWSLETTER
	      If a book discussed in this newsletter has no source mentioned, don’t forget your public library and your local independent bookstore. 
	      To buy books online, I often go first to Bookfinder or Alibris.   Bookfinder has a feature that tells you the book price WITH shipping and handling, so you can compare what you’re really going to have to pay.
	      A lot of people whose political instincts I respect prefer the unionized bricks-and-mortar bookstore Powells  (see "About Amazon.com" above) that  sells online  at http://powellsbooks.com.  Another good source for used and out-of-print books is All Book Stores at http://www.allbookstores.com/ .
	      Take a look also at  Paperback Book Swap,  a low cost (postage only) way to get rid of your old books and get new ones by trading with other readers. 
	         
          If you are using an electronic reader like Kindle, Nook, or Kobo, get free books at  the Gutenberg Project-- most classics, and other things as well. Libraries now lend e-books too!
	        
	        
	      RESPONSES TO THIS NEWSLETTER 
	      Please send responses and suggestions directly to Meredith Sue Willis at MeredithSueWillis@gmail.com.  Unless you instruct otherwise, your responses may be edited for length and published in this newsletter. 
	       
	      BACK ISSUES click here.
	      
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        #146 Henry Adams AGAIN! 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #145 Henry Adams, Darnell Arnoult, Jaimy Gordon, Charlotte Brontë 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #144 Carter Seaton, NancyKay Shapiro, Lady Murasaki Shikibu 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #143 Little America; Guns,Germs, and Steel; The Trial 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #142 Blog Fiction, Leah by Seymour Epstein, Wolf Hall, etc. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #141 Dreama Frisk on Hilary Spurling's Pearl Buck in China; Anita Desai; Cormac McCarthy 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #140 Valerie Nieman's Blood Clay, Dolly Withrow 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #139 My Kindle, The Prime Minister, Blood Meridian 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #138 Special on Publicity by Carter Seaton 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #137 Michael Harris's The Chieu Hoi Saloon;The Professor and the Madman; Game of Thrones; James Alexander Thom's Follow The River 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #136 James Boyle's The Creative Commons;  Paola Corso, Joanne Greenberg, Monique Raphel High, Amos Oz  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #135 Reviews by Carole Rosenthal, Jeffrey Sokolow, and Wanchee Wang.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #134 Daniel Deronda, books with material on black and white relations in West Virginia  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #133 Susan Carpenter, Irene Nemirovsky, Jonathan Safran Foer, Kanafani, Joe Sacco  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #132 Karen Armstrong's A History of God; JCO's The Falls; The Eustace Diamonds again. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #131 The Help; J. McHenry Jones, Reamy Jansen, Jamie O'Neill, Michael Chabon.   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        #130 Lynda Schor, Ed Myers, Charles Bukowski, Terry Bisson, The Changing Face of  Anti-Semitism  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #129 Baltasar and Blimunda; the Underground Railroad; Navasky's Naming Names, new and recommended small press and indie books. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #128 Jeffrey Sokolow on Histories and memoirs of the Civil Rights Movement  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #127 Olive Kitteridge; Urban fiction; Shelley Ettinger on Joyce Carol Oates  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #126 Jack Hussey's Ghosts of Walden, The Leopard , Roger's Version, The Reluctanct Fundamentalist  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #125 Lee Maynard's The Pale Light of Sunset; Books on John Brown suggested by Jeffrey Sokolow 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #124 Cloudsplitter, Founding Brothers, Obenzinger on Bradley's Harlem Vs. Columbia University 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #123 MSW's summer reading round-up; Olive Schreiner; more The Book Thief; more on the state of editing 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #122 Left-wing cowboy poetry; Jewish partisans during WW2; responses to "Hire a Book Doctor?" 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #121 Jane Lazarre's latest;  Irving Howe's   Leon Trotsky; Gringolandia; "Hire a Book Doctor?"  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #120 Dreama Frisk on The Book Thief; Mark Rudd; Thulani Davis's summer reading list   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #119 Two Histories of the Jews; small press books for Summer 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #118 Kasuo Ichiguro, Jeanette Winterson, The Carter Family!  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #117 Cat Pleska on Ann Pancake; Phyllis Moore on Jayne Anne Phillips; and Dolly Withrow on publicity 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #116 Ann Pancake, American Psycho,  Marc Harshman on George Mackay Brown 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #115 Adam Bede, Nietzsche, Johnny Sundstrom  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #114 Judith Moffett, high fantasy, Jared Diamond, Lily Tuck  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #113 Espionage--nonfiction and fiction: Orson Scott Card and homophobia  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #112 Marc Kaminsky, Nel Noddings, Orson Scott Card, Ed Myers 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #111 James Michener, Mary Lee Settle, Ardian Gill, BIll Higginson, Jeremy Osner, Carol Brodtick  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #110  Nahid Rachlin, Marion Cuba on self-publishing; Thulani Davis, The Road, memoirs 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          #109 Books about the late nineteen-sixties:  Busy Dying; Flying Close to the Sun; Looking Good;  Trespassers 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #108 The Animal Within; The Ground Under My Feet; King of Swords 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #107 The Absentee; Gorky Park; Little Scarlet; Howl; Health Proxy  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #106 Castle Rackrent; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows; More on  Drown; Blindness & more  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #105 Everything is Miscellaneous, The Untouchable, Kettle Bottom by Diane Gilliam Fisher  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #104 Responses to Shelley on Junot Diaz and more; More best books of 2007 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #103 Guest Editor: Shelley Ettinger and her best books of 2007
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #102 Saramago's BLINDNESS; more on NEVER LET ME GO; George Lies on Joe Gatski  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #101 My Brilliant Career, The Scarlet Letter, John Banville, Never Let Me Go 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #100  The Poisonwood Bible, Pamela Erens, More Harry P.    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #99   Jonathan Greene on  Amazon.com; Molly Gilman on Dogs of Babel  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #98   Guest editor Pat Arnow; more on the Amazon.com debate 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #97   Using Thomas Hardy; Why I Write; more  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #96   Lucy Calkins, issue fiction for young adults 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #95   Collapse, Harry Potter, Steve Geng  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #94   Alice Robinson-Gilman, Maynard on Momaday 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #93   Kristin Lavransdatter, House Made of Dawn, Leaving Atlanta  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #92   Death of Ivan Ilych; Memoirs  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #91   Richard Powers discussion 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #90   William Zinsser, Memoir, Shakespeare  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #89   William Styron, Ellen Willis, Dune, Germinal, and much more  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #88   Sandra Cisneros's Caramelo  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #87   Wings of the Dove, Forever After (9/11 Teachers)  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #86   Leora Skolkin-Smith, American Pastoral, and more  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #85   Wobblies, Winterson, West Virginia Encyclopedia  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #84   Karen Armstrong, Geraldine Brooks, Peter Taylor  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #83   3-Cornered World, Da Vinci Code  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #82   The Eustace Diamonds,  Strapless, Empire Falls 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #81   Philip Roth's The Plot Against America , Paola Corso 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #80   Joanne Greenberg, Ed Davis, more Murdoch; Special Discussion on Memoir--Frey and J.T. Leroy 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #79   Adam Sexton, Iris Murdoch, Hemingway  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #78   The Hills at Home; Tess of the D'Urbervilles; Jean Stafford 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #77    On children's books--guest editor Carol Brodtrick 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #76   Mary Lee Settle, Mary McCarthy 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #75   The Makioka Sisters  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #74    In Our Hearts We Were Giants 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #73    Joyce Dyer 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            #72    Bill Robinson WWII 
      story 
       #71    Eva Kollisch on G.W. Sebald 
      #70    On Reading  
      #69    Nella Larsen, Romola 
      #68    P.D. James  
      #67    The Medici  
      #66    Curious 
        Incident,Temple Grandin  
          #65    Ingrid Hughes on Memoir 
            #64    Boyle, Worlds of Fiction 
            #63    The Namesame 
            #62    Honorary Consul; The Idiot 
            
            #61    Lauren's 
              Line 
              #60    Prince of Providence 
              #59    The Mutual Friend, Red 
                  Water 
                  #58    AkÉ, Season 
                    of Delight 
                    #57    Screaming with 
                      Cannibals 
                      #56    Benita Eisler's Byron 
                      #55    Addie, 
                  Hottentot Venus, Ake 
                  #54    Scott Oglesby, Jane Rule 
                  #53    Nafisi,Chesnutt, LeGuin 
                  #52    Keith Maillard, Lee Maynard 
                  #51    Gregory Michie, Carter Seaton 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                  #50    Atonement, Victoria Woodhull biography  
                  #49    Caucasia  
                  #48    Richard Price, Phillip 
      Pullman 
        #47    Mid- 
      East Islamic World Reader  
      #46    Invitation to 
        a Beheading 
        #45    The Princess of Cleves 
        #44    Shelley Ettinger: A Few Not-so-Great Books 
        #43    Woolf, The Terrorist Next Door 
        #42    John Sanford  
          #41    Isabelle 
      Allende  
      #40    Ed Myers on John Williams 
      #39    Faulkner 
      #38    Steven Bloom No 
        New Jokes 
        #37    James Webb's Fields 
          of Fire 
          #36    Middlemarch 
          #35    Conrad, Furbee, 
      Silas House 
       #34    Emshwiller 
       #33    Pullman, Daughter 
        of the Elm  
        #32    More Lesbian lit; Nostromo 
        #31    Lesbian 
      fiction 
      #30    Carol Shields, Colson Whitehead 
      #29    More William Styron 
      #28    William Styron 
      #27    Daniel Gioseffi  
      #26    Phyllis Moore   
        #25    On Libraries.... 
        #24    Tales of the 
          City 
          #23    Nonfiction, poetry, and fiction 
          #22    More on Why This 
      Newsletter 
      #21    Salinger, Sarah 
      Waters, Next of Kin 
      #20    Jane Lazarre 
      #19    Artemisia Gentileschi  
      #18    Ozick, Coetzee, 
      Joanna Torrey  
      #17    Arthur Kinoy 
      #16    Mrs. Gaskell and lots of other suggestions 
      #15    George 
      Dennison, Pat Barker, George Eliot 
      #14    Small 
        Presses  
        #13    Gap 
          Creek, Crum 
          #12    Reading after 9-11 
          #11    Political Novels 
          #10    Summer Reading ideas 
          #9      Shelley 
      Ettinger picks 
      #8      Harriette 
      Arnow's Hunter's Horn 
      #7      About this newsletter 
      #6      Maria Edgeworth 
       #5      Tales of Good 
        and Evil; Moon Tiger 
         #4      Homer Hickam 
      and The Chosen  
       #3      J.T. 
      LeRoy and Tale of Genji 
       #2      Chick Lit 
       #1      About 
      this newsletter 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     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